Sunday, 10 November 2024
devops interview questions
Terraform*
1. Terraform workspace
2. what are Mera arguments
3. what’s difference b/w for each and dynamic block
4. provisioners in terraform
5. state file in terraform
6. difference b/w for_each and Count
7. What are terraform module
8. command to use inline terraform code
CICD
9. CICD architecture
10. Difference b/w Yaml and classic pipeline
11. what trigger does in yaml pipeline
12. what are stages in pipeline
13. how to authenticate your pipeline
14. Difference b/w both agent polls when we both used azure managed and self managed
15. Different types of service connection
16. how we manage secrets in pipeline
17. where you store your code in pipeline
Kubernetes
18. Write yaml file both deployment and service
19. common kubectl commands
20. Types of services in ku…
[16:01, 09/10/2024] Muneer: Azure DevOps scenario-based questions and their answers related to deployment, release pipelines, parameters, rollback, and other critical aspects:
1. Scenario: Rollback in Azure DevOps Pipeline
Question: If your deployment fails, how do you handle a rollback to a previous stable release in Azure DevOps?
Answer:
In Azure DevOps, rolling back to a previous stable release can be handled by:
Re-deploying a previous build: Use the "Re-deploy" option from the Release Pipeline to deploy the previous version that worked fine.
Using Git for Rollback: Rollback changes in Git to a stable version, then trigger a new build and release based on that commit.
Automated Rollback: Implement logic within your pipeline that automatically rolls back if specific tests or checks fail post-deployment.
Manual Rollback: Keep an environment backup or previous version stored in Artifacts, which can be deployed manually or automatically in case of failure.
---
2. Scenario: Parameterization in YAML Pipelines
Question: How can you use parameters in YAML pipelines to deploy to different environments with different configurations?
Answer:
In Azure DevOps YAML pipelines, parameters are defined at the top of the YAML file and are then passed to different stages or jobs. Example:
parameters:
- name: environment
type: string
default: 'dev'
values:
- dev
- prod
stages:
- stage: Deploy
jobs:
- job: DeployJob
steps:
- script: echo "Deploying to $(environment)"
In this example, the pipeline deploys to different environments based on the parameter environment. You can pass these parameters when triggering the pipeline, making the process flexible.
---
3. Scenario: Handling Multiple Environments in Release Pipeline
Question: How would you configure a release pipeline to deploy code to multiple environments such as Dev, QA, and Prod in Azure DevOps?
Answer:
In Azure DevOps, you can define multiple stages in the release pipeline, each representing a different environment:
Stages: Create separate stages for Dev, QA, and Prod environments.
Artifacts: Link the build artifacts to all stages, but deploy in sequence.
Approvals: Set up manual or automatic approvals for each environment (e.g., automatic for Dev, manual for QA/Prod).
Variables: Use variables to differentiate environment-specific configurations (e.g., connection strings, endpoints).
Example of stages:
stages:
- stage: Dev
jobs:
- job: DeployDev
steps:
- script: echo "Deploying to Dev"
- stage: QA
jobs:
- job: DeployQA
steps:
- script: echo "Deploying to QA"
- stage: Prod
jobs:
- job: DeployProd
steps:
- script: echo "Deploying to Prod"
---
4. Scenario: Automating Rollback Using Gates in Release Pipeline
Question: How would you set up a gate in Azure DevOps to automatically trigger a rollback if certain conditions are met during a release?
Answer:
Azure DevOps allows the use of gates to check certain conditions before promoting a release to the next stage. You can set up gates to monitor system health, run performance tests, or verify deployment success:
Configure gates: Add gates that query monitoring tools (e.g., Azure Monitor, Application Insights) to check if any errors are encountered post-deployment.
Rollback logic: If errors are detected, gates can prevent further progression or trigger a rollback by executing a rollback script.
---
5. Scenario: Deployment to Multiple Regions
Question: How can you deploy the same application to multiple regions in a single pipeline in Azure DevOps?
Answer:
You can deploy to multiple regions using multi-stage pipelines and parameters to specify the region for deployment. A typical approach would be:
Define stages for each region: Add a stage for each region i…
Mindtree Interview question
1.how to recover the ssk key of vm
2.ansible work flow
3.tell me about kubernetes architecture
4.idempotancy
5.how to upgrade kubnernets cluster
6.what is different bet statefull and deamon set
7.if suppose we are geeting intermediantly error 502 while in application what are trubleshooting steps
8.lets suppose developer wirte a docker file how you deploy in pipeline and kubernete
9.how to ping 2 vm's
10.WHAT IS artifacts in pipeline
11.difference betweeen copy and add command
12.what is ci and cd
13.how we resolve git conflicts
14.diff. entrypoint and cmd
15.write a yaml pipelie
16.what is pod and jobs
Interview Synechron Company:
1.Diff b/w CI and CD
2.What is flaky test?
3.What is the process of doing the changes of configuration through CI/CD pipeline?
4.Explain the major components of control panel in AKS.
5.Explain the concept of ingress in k8s.
6.explain the taint & tolerance in K8s.
7. How HPA(Horizontal POD Autoscaling) works?
8.What is deployment slot in Appservices?
9. What are Networking options available while creating the AKS cluster?
10. what is availability Set and availability Zone?
11. What is Horizontal Autoscalling and Vertical Autoscaling.
12.what is use of locals in teraform?
13. terraform grep command?
14. Diff between Azure frontdoor and traffic manager?
15.while creating the frontdoor what information we need?
16. what is virgin groups?
17 . what is use of rewrite in App.Gateway?
18.what is management group in Azure?
19. Diff b/w Replica set and Replica controller?
20. What is multi-POD container?
21.Diff b/w config map and secret?
22. What is Auto healing features?
23. what is the command to check for pods consuming high CPU utilization in k8s.
24.what is command to connect the AKS cluster with Powershell?
25. command to switch in to different branch in Git?
26 . we have modified the changes in feature branch and we have to update same in the main branch how we can do with git commands.
27.any monitoring tools worked upon ? what is diff b/w Prometheus and Grafana?
[
Topics Related to the below:
Azure Load Balancer (LB)*, **Application Gateway, **Front Door, **Traffic Manager. Security components: **WAF (Web Application Firewall) Application Gateway, **Firewall, **UDR (User Defined Routes), **Azure Firewall, **NSG (Network Security Groups)* and *ASG (Application Security Groups), **Disk Encryption, **Storage Account Data Encryption (CMK - Customer Managed Keys), **Storage Account Access via Service Endpoint* and *Private Endpoint*.
Package managers for Different technologies.
1. .NET
Package Manager: NuGet
Description: NuGet is the package manager for .NET. It is used to manage libraries and tools for .NET applications, and it integrates with Visual Studio and other development environments. NuGet packages can include compiled code (DLLs), scripts, and other content needed for .NET projects.
2. Java
Package Managers: Maven and Gradle
Maven:
Description: Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java projects. It manages project dependencies, builds, and documentation. Maven uses XML configuration files (pom.xml).
Gradle:
Description: Gradle is a flexible build automation system that can handle Java projects and other types of projects. It uses Groovy or Kotlin DSL (build.gradle …
Infosys interview Azure Cloud Devops:
? Design and implement CI/CD pipelines using standard automation tools such as Jenkins.
? Design and implement automation framework to reduce any manual efforts.
? Support crucial deployments and be the point of contact for any application related issues.
? Support development infrastructure related needs.
? Design and implement end to end CI/CD workflow for multiple apps based on traditional as well as Microservice architecture using Devops toolchain.
? Use GIT (Bitbucket) to control and manage the source code of the project.
? Use Jenkins to create CI/CD pipelines for various apps and automated self-provisioning pipelines for DEV and QA teams to reduce any manual efforts.
? Strong knowledge in Jenkins scripting eg groovy pipeline
? Integrate SonarQube for code quality inspection to detect bugs, vulnerabilities, and code smells with CI servers.
? Use Azure K8s Service (VMs) as deployment platform.
? Use Azure Cloud Platform to create and manage underlying infrastructure.
? Use Ansible for configuration management.
? Use Terraform/ARM Templates to manage Infrastructure as Code.
legislation & Publicis Groupe Policies e.g., Janus, GSO and IT policies, etc.
? Strong knowledge on Devops tools like bitbucket, Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, SonarQube and Ansible.
? Experience on Azure Cloud services ? IaaS / PaaS.
? Well versed with any scripting language ? Shell / Groovy / Python.
? Strong experience on Infrastructure Automation such as Terraform.
? Strong knowledge in Jenkins scripting.
? Ability to design, develop, implement complex requirement.
? Own end to end deliveries for various teams.
? Pro-active support to the business is a key attribute for this role with a customer service focus.
Cognizant interview Questions :
How to Handle sensitive information in terraform
What is role statefile in terraform
Have you worked on ansible
Terraform plan and Apply
What are use case cases in terraform
CI/CD pipeline from scratch each step
What are the Provisioners in Terraform
Explain the depends_on attribute in terraform
Null resource, How to recover state file
terraform graph
git tag
service connection
How to set up terraform using CI/CD pipeleine
Volkswagen Interview Questions:
• Tell me two incidents recently you have worked and how you fixed it.
• How you are deploying your application ,on pod cluster or on which env you are deploying?
• The deployment is without any downtime or How it is?
• For Blue green deployment How you applying that can you explain step by step?
• what are exit codes in docker container for graceful termination?
• What are the error codes you have faced when container stops or exits?
• How you are managing the secrets in K8s?
• How you are encrypting and decrypting the credentials in secret.yaml
• What is trufflehog and tfsec you used for ?
• And what is sonarqube used for?
• Do you know about CNI and which CNI you are using in AKS?
• How you are handling the storage in K8s ?
• Which kind of storage you are using like object level /query level and DB kind . How you are managing storage part?
• What is DB throughput and split?
• What are operators in K8s?
• Tracing in k8s? how you connect the traces?
• Anything you know about observalibity?
• Open Telemetry?
• Which version of Helm you have used?
• Write a helm chart.
• Which scripting language you have used ?can you write an script for creating a VM in powershell?or can you write any script that you have used recently?
Scenario-based questions related to Terraform:
1. *Complex Infrastructure Provisioning*:
- *Question*: You need to deploy a multi-tier application infrastructure with multiple VPCs, subnets, and different security groups for each tier. How would you manage this complexity in Terraform, and what strategies would you use to ensure that the infrastructure is both scalable and maintainable?
2. *State Management*:
- *Question*: Suppose you have a Terraform state file that has become corrupted, and you have a remote state backend setup. How would you approach recovering or fixing the state file while ensuring minimal disruption to your current infrastructure?
3. *Dependency Management*:
- *Question*: How would you handle complex interdependencies between resources where certain resources need to be created before others, and those dependencies need to be dynamically determined based on the environment or input variables?
4. *Resource Drift*:
- *Question*: Imagine that your Terraform-managed infrastructure has drifted from the desired state defined in your Terraform configuration due to manual changes made outside Terraform. How would you identify, manage, and rectify this drift?
5. *Module Design*:
- *Question*: You need to design a reusable Terraform module for deploying a highly available Kubernetes cluster across multiple regions. How would you structure your module to handle different regions, network configurations, and potentially varying instance types?
6. *Terraform Enterprise/Cloud*:
- *Question*: In a large organization using Terraform Cloud or Enterprise, how would you implement and manage workspace access controls, policy enforcement, and governance to ensure compliance and security?
7. *Performance Optimization*:
- *Question*: Your Terraform apply is taking a long time to complete due to a large number of resources and dependencies. How would you optimize the performance of your Terraform configurations to reduce the time required for deployment and changes?
8. *Version Control Integration*:
- *Question*: How would you integrate Terraform with a CI/CD pipeline, ensuring that the Terraform code is versioned correctly and that the pipeline handles Terraform plan and apply operations in a safe and reliable manner?
9. *State Locking and Concurrency*:
- *Question*: Your team is encountering issues with concurrent Terraform operations leading to state file locking issues. How would you address this problem and ensure that Terraform operations are properly coordinated across your team?
10. *Dynamic Configurations*:
- *Question*: You have a requirement to deploy resources where certain configurations need to be dynamically generated based on the environment (e.g., staging, production). How would you design your Terraform code to handle dynamic and environment-specific configurations effectively?
These questions aim to test not only technical knowledge but also problem-solving and design skills in complex Terraform scenarios.
[
Interview Questions with Answers:
1. What is a Terraform state file?
*Answer:*
A Terraform state file (terraform.tfstate) is a JSON file that keeps track of the resources managed by Terraform. It maps the resources defined in your configuration to real-world resources in your cloud provider, ensuring that Terraform knows the current state of your infrastructure.
---
### 2. Why is the Terraform state file important?
*Answer:*
The state file is crucial for tracking resource changes, enabling Terraform to perform operations like plan and apply accurately. It helps manage dependencies between resources and supports features like drift detection.
---
### 3. How does Terraform handle state in Azure?
*Answer:*
In Azure, Terraform can store state files …
[17:06, 09/10/2024] Muneer: Wipro Azure + Powershell, Interview Questioneire
1. Introduce yourself + Roles and responsibilities.
2. How can we connect On Prim VM and Virtual VM
3. Suppose we have created a VM , and i want to send some script files in those VM , how can i do this ?
4. Define Fault domain and Update domain.
5. Do you know about agents .
6. What is difference between self hosted and azure hosted agents.
7. When the plugins download in terraform ?
8. What is difference between terraform refresh and terraform plan.
9. What type of automation tools you have used other than terraform.
10. Which types of resources you have created.
11. What is bastion ?
12. Can we replace bastion with firwall ?
13. What is NGS and ASG ?
14. Which ticketing tools you are using in your project ?
15. Have you worked on Powershell …
[17:07, 09/10/2024] Muneer: HCL Round 1 Questioneire
1. Introduce yourself
2. what are the methods to create VM ?
3. How can you control traffic on VM ?
4. Do you know powershell scripting . . write a sample code for add or sub.
5. How many type of different storages are there in azure ?
. What is terraform taint ?
7. What is the perpose of statefile ?
8. What is the perpose of lockfile ?
9. What are variable groups in CI/CD pipelines ?
10. What are the agents in CI/CD Pipelines ?
11. What is the difference b/w Self hosted and Azure Hosted Pipelines ?
12. How can we deploy multiple subscription using same terraform code ?
13. How can we call data of an existing resource ?
14. How can we import a resource ?
15. Is it possible to increase the disk size after deploying VM if yes how can you do it without effecting its running .
[17:11, 09/10/2024] Muneer: TCS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Deployment vs replicaset
What is ETCD Database
Imagepullback error
Namespaces
Types of deployment
Docker images
Why we use nginx?
CMD vs Entry point in docker images
Arguments in dockerfile
### Designing and Improving CI/CD Pipelines for Multiple Projects
1. *Question:* How do you design a scalable CI/CD pipeline?
*Answer:* I use modular and reusable pipeline templates, incorporate environment-specific configurations, and ensure scalability by using dynamic resource allocation.
2. *Question:* How do you handle different environments (development, staging, production) in a CI/CD pipeline?
*Answer:* I create environment-specific pipelines or stages within a pipeline, using parameters and variables to customize deployments for each environment.
3. *Question:* How do you ensure CI/CD pipelines are reliable and consistent?
*Answer:* I implement automated tests at various stages, use version control for pipeline definitions, and apply rigorous code review processes.
. *Question:* What strategies do you use for rollback in case of a failed deployment?
*Answer:* I include automated rollback mechanisms in the pipeline, such as reverting to the previous stable version or using blue-green deployments.
5. *Question:* How do you manage dependencies in a CI/CD pipeline?
*Answer:* I use dependency management tools, lock files to ensure consistency, and include integration tests to verify that dependencies work correctly together.
6. *Question:* How do you monitor and optimize CI/CD pipeline performance?
*Answer:* I use pipeline metrics and logs to identify bottlenecks, optimize stages for speed, and regularly review pipeline configurations for improvements.
7. *Question:* How do you integrate third-party tools into your CI/CD pipeline?
*Answer:* I use plugins or APIs provided by third-party tools to integrate them into the pipeline, ensuring compatibility and seamless operation.
8. *Question:* How do you handle secrets and sensitive information in pipelines?
*Answer:* I use secure storage solutions like Azure Key Vault or AWS Secrets Manager to manage secrets and ensure they are accessed securely during pipeline runs.
9. *Question:* What are some common challenges you face with CI/CD pipelines, and how do you overcome them?
*Answer:* Common challenges include handling complex dependencies and environment-specific issues. I overcome them by using modular pipelines and thorough testing.
10. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with regulatory requirements in your CI/CD pipelines?
*Answer:* I integrate compliance checks and security scans into the pipeline, and ensure that all changes are documented and auditable.
### Automating Infrastructure Provisioning and Configuration Using Terraform
1. *Question:* How do you structure your Terraform configuration files?
*Answer:* I organize configurations into modules for reusability, use workspaces to manage environments, and keep main configurations concise and focused.
2. *Question:* How do you handle Terraform state files?
*Answer:* I store state files remotely (e.g., in Azure Storage or AWS S3) with versioning and state locking to prevent concurrent modifications.
3. *Question:* How do you manage sensitive data in Terraform?
*Answer:* I use Terraform's sensitive variable types and integrate with secrets management tools like Azure Key Vault to handle sensitive data securely.
4. *Question:* How do you handle Terraform module versioning?
*Answer:* I use version constraints in module references and maintain versioned module repositories to manage updates and ensure stability.
5. *Question:* How do you test Terraform configurations before applying changes?
*Answer:* I use terraform plan to review changes and conduct dry runs, and employ infrastructure testing tools like Terraform's validate and test commands.
6. *Question:* How do you integrate Terraform with CI/CD pipelines?
*Answer:* I include Terraform commands in pipeline stages to automate infrastructure provisioning and updates, and use pipeline variables for dynamic configurations.
7. *Question:* How do you handle drift detection in Terraform?
*Answer:* I use terraform plan regularly to detect changes in the infrastructure state and reconcile any differences between the desired and actual state.
8. *Question:* What is your approach to managing Terraform modules for multiple projects?
*Answer:* I create a shared module repository for common modules and use versioning to maintain compatibility across different projects.
. *Question:* How do you ensure Terraform code quality and best practices?
*Answer:* I follow Terraform best practices such as using consistent naming conventions, writing modular code, and conducting peer reviews.
10. *Question:* How do you manage Terraform provider versions?
*Answer:* I specify provider versions in configuration files and use version constraints to ensure compatibility and prevent unexpected changes.
### Strong Skills in Azure Networking
. *Question:* How do you set up a virtual network (VNet) in Azure?
*Answer:* I define the VNet address space and create subnets based on requirements, configure network security groups (NSGs) for traffic control, and set up peering or VPNs for connectivity.
2. *Question:* How do you secure an Azure VNet?
*Answer:* I use NSGs to filter traffic, Azure Firewall for centralized security, and Azure Bastion for secure management access.
3. *Question:* How do you configure Azure Load Balancers?
*Answer:* I set up front-end IP configurations, back-end pools, health probes, and load balancing rules to distribute traffic and ensure high availability.
4. *Question:* How do you implement VPNs in Azure?
*Answer:* I configure Azure VPN Gateway with local network gateways or use site-to-site VPNs for secure connectivity between on-premises networks and Azure VNets.
5. *Question:* What is Azure Private Link, and how do you use it?
*Answer:* Azure Private Link allows secure access to Azure services over a private endpoint. I configure Private Link to ensure data remains within the Azure network, enhancing security and compliance.
6. *Question:* How do you monitor network traffic and performance in Azure?
*Answer:* I use Azure Monitor and Network Watcher to track network metrics, analyze traffic patterns, and troubleshoot issues with diagnostic tools and logs.
7. *Question:* How do you configure Azure Application Gateway?
*Answer:* I set up Application Gateway with front-end IP configurations, back-end pools, routing rules, and WAF policies to manage and secure web traffic.
8. *Question:* How do you handle network security for multi-tier applications?
*Answer:* I use network segmentation with VNets and subnets, apply NSGs and Azure Firewall to control traffic, and deploy Azure Bastion for secure administrative access.
9. *Question:* How do you implement network redundancy in Azure?
*Answer:* I use multiple VNets and subnets with load balancers, deploy applications across availability zones, and configure traffic manager profiles for global failover.
10. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with network security policies in Azure?
*Answer:* I configure Azure Security Center policies, perform regular security assessments, and apply network security controls as per compliance requirements.
### Proficiency in Azure DevOps or GitHub
1. *Question:* How do you create a build pipeline in Azure DevOps?
*Answer:* I define build steps using YAML or the classic editor, configure triggers, and integrate with source control and artifact management for automated builds.
2. *Question:* How do you manage deployments using Azure DevOps release pipelines?
*Answer:* I set up release pipelines with stages for deployment to various environments, configure approval workflows, and use artifact sources to deploy builds.
3. *Question:* How do you implement continuous integration in Azure DevOps?
*Answer:* I set up CI pipelines to automatically build and test code on each commit, using triggers and automated testing to ensure code quality and integration.
4. *Question:* How do you handle version control in GitHub?
*Answer:* I use Git branches for feature development, pull requests for code reviews, and tags for versioning releases, ensuring code quality and collaboration.
5. *Question:* What are GitHub Actions, and how do you use them?
*Answer:* GitHub Actions are workflows that automate tasks like builds and deployments. I define workflows in YAML files to integrate with repositories and streamline CI/CD processes.
6. *Question:* How do you set up branch policies in GitHub?
*Answer:* I configure branch protection rules to enforce code reviews, status checks, and require pull requests before merging to ensure code quality and security.
7. *Question:* How do you integrate Azure DevOps with other tools?
*Answer:* I use service connections, REST APIs, or marketplace extensions to integrate with third-party tools, enabling seamless workflows and enhanced functionality.
8. *Question:* How do you monitor and optimize Azure DevOps pipeline performance?
*Answer:* I review pipeline metrics and logs, identify bottlenecks, optimize pipeline configurations, and implement caching or parallel jobs to improve performance.
9. *Question:* How do you handle secrets and credentials in GitHub Actions?
*Answer:* I use GitHub Secrets to store sensitive information securely and reference them in workflow files without exposing them in logs or code.
10. *Question:* How do you track and manage work items in Azure DevOps?
*Answer:* I use Azure Boards to create and track work items, manage backlogs, and monitor progress through dashboards and reporting features.
### Enforcing Security Best Practices and Compliance Policies
1. *Question:* How do you enforce least privilege access in your systems?
*Answer:* I implement role-based access control (RBAC) and regularly review permissions to ensure users and services have only the access they need.
2. *Question:* How do you secure sensitive data in cloud environments?
*Answer:* I use encryption for data at rest and in transit, and integrate with secrets management tools to protect sensitive information.
3. *Question:* How do you implement multi-factor authentication (MFA)?
*Answer:* I enable MFA across all user accounts and critical systems, using authentication apps or hardware tokens to add an extra layer of security.
4. *Question:* How do you handle security patching and updates?
*Answer:* I implement automated patch management
processes, schedule regular updates, and monitor for vulnerabilities to ensure timely application of security patches.
5. *Question:* How do you perform security assessments and audits?
*Answer:* I conduct regular security assessments using tools and services, perform vulnerability scans, and review audit logs to identify and address security issues.
6. *Question:* What are some common security controls you apply to cloud resources?
*Answer:* I use firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, and access controls to protect cloud resources from unauthorized access and attacks.
7. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with industry regulations?
*Answer:* I follow compliance frameworks, integrate automated compliance checks into CI/CD pipelines, and keep up-to-date with regulatory changes.
8. *Question:* How do you handle incident response and management?
*Answer:* I implement an incident response plan, use monitoring tools to detect and respond to incidents, and conduct post-incident reviews to improve security practices.
9. *Question:* How do you integrate security into the development lifecycle?
*Answer:* I include security scanning and code reviews in the CI/CD pipeline, train developers on secure coding practices, and use automated tools to identify vulnerabilities early.
10. *Question:* How do you stay informed about new security threats and best practices?
*Answer:* I regularly read security blogs, participate in industry forums, attend webinars and conferences, and follow updates from security organizations and vendors.
### Familiarity with Containerization Concepts and Tools
1. *Question:* How do you deploy containerized applications using Kubernetes?
*Answer:* I define deployment configurations in YAML files, create services and pods, and use Kubernetes commands to manage and scale containerized applications.
2. *Question:* What is Docker, and how do you use it?
*Answer:* Docker is a containerization platform that packages applications and their dependencies into containers. I use Docker to build, run, and manage containerized applications.
3. *Question:* How do you handle container image management?
*Answer:* I use container registries like Azure Container Registry or Docker Hub to store and manage images, and implement image scanning for vulnerabilities.
4. *Question:* How do you orchestrate containerized applications?
*Answer:* I use orchestration tools like Kubernetes or Docker Swarm to manage container deployments, scaling, and networking, ensuring high availability and load balancing.
5. *Question:* How do you monitor and troubleshoot containerized applications?
*Answer:* I use monitoring tools like Prometheus or Azure Monitor, and logs from container platforms to track performance and troubleshoot issues.
6. *Question:* What are some benefits of containerization?
*Answer:* Containerization provides consistent environments, rapid deployment, efficient resource utilization, and easy scaling and management of applications.
7. *Question:* How do you secure containerized applications?
*Answer:* I implement security best practices like image scanning, running containers with least privilege, and using network policies to protect containerized applications.
8. *Question:* How do you integrate containerization into your CI/CD pipelines?
*Answer:* I include container build and push steps in CI/CD pipelines, automate deployments using container orchestration tools, and test containerized applications thoroughly.
. *Question:* What is Docker Compose, and how do you use it?
*Answer:* Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. I use it to create and manage multi-container setups with a single YAML configuration file.
10. *Question:* How do you handle container networking?
*Answer:* I configure container networks to facilitate communication between containers, use network policies for isolation, and leverage service discovery features for managing connections.
### Skilled in Monitoring and Logging
1. *Question:* How do you set up monitoring for an Azure application?
*Answer:* I use Azure Monitor and Application Insights to collect metrics and logs, configure alerts, and create dashboards for tracking application performance.
2. *Question:* How do you handle logging in a cloud environment?
*Answer:* I use centralized logging solutions like Azure Log Analytics or ELK Stack to aggregate logs, analyze data, and set up alerts for anomalies or issues.
3. *Question:* How do you use Azure Monitor to troubleshoot issues?
*Answer:* I analyze metrics and logs, set up alerts for specific conditions, and use diagnostic tools to pinpoint and resolve issues in the application or infrastructure.
4. *Question:* How do you create and manage dashboards in Azure Monitor?
*Answer:* I use Azure Monitor dashboards to visualize metrics and logs, customize views based on requirements, and share dashboards with stakeholders for insights.
5. *Question:* What are some key metrics to monitor for application performance?
*Answer:* Key metrics include response times, error rates, throughput, CPU and memory usage, and application availability.
6. *Question:* How do you integrate monitoring tools with your CI/CD pipelines?
*Answer:* I include monitoring setup steps in the pipeline, configure alerts for deployment success or failure, and use monitoring data to drive improvements.
7. *Question:* How do you use ELK Stack for log analysis?
*Answer:* I use Logstash to ingest and process logs, Elasticsearch to index and search log data, and Kibana to visualize and analyze log information.
8. *Question:* How do you ensure log data security and compliance?
*Answer:* I implement access controls, encrypt log data, and use secure storage solutions to protect and comply with data privacy regulations.
9. *Question:* How do you handle log aggregation and management in a distributed system?
*Answer:* I use centralized logging solutions to aggregate logs from multiple sources, apply filters and parsing, and use tools for efficient log management and analysis.
10. *Question:* How do you perform proactive monitoring to prevent issues?
*Answer:* I set up proactive alerts based on performance thresholds, use predictive analytics to identify potential issues, and continuously review and adjust monitoring configurations.
Knowledge of Security Best Practices and Compliance Frameworks
1. *Question:* What are the key elements of a robust security posture?
*Answer:* Key elements include access controls, encryption, network security, regular updates, incident response, and continuous monitoring.
2. *Question:* How do you implement encryption in cloud environments?
*Answer:* I use encryption for data at rest and in transit, configure encryption settings in cloud services, and manage encryption keys securely.
3. *Question:* How do you enforce security policies across multiple projects?
*Answer:* I implement centralized policy management tools, apply policies consistently, and use automated compliance checks to ensure adherence.
4. *Question:* How do you stay updated with security best practices and threats?
5. *Question:* How do you conduct security assessments?
*Answer:* I perform regular vulnerability scans, conduct penetration testing, review security configurations, and assess compliance with security frameworks.
6. *Question:* How do you manage and monitor access controls?
*Answer:* I use role-based access control (RBAC), implement least privilege principles, and regularly review and audit access permissions.
7. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with frameworks like GDPR or HIPAA?
*Answer:* I integrate compliance requirements into policies, use automated compliance tools, conduct regular audits, and ensure documentation and training.
8. *Question:* How do you handle data breaches and security incidents?
*Answer:* I follow an incident response plan, use monitoring tools to detect breaches, and conduct thorough investigations and post-incident reviews.
9. *Question:* How do you apply security best practices in development and operations?
*Answer:* I incorporate security into the development lifecycle, use automated security scans, conduct code reviews, and apply secure coding practices.
10. *Question:* How do you manage compliance documentation?
*Answer:* I maintain up-to-date documentation of policies, procedures, and compliance measures, and use version control to track changes and ensure accuracy.
High-Level Design (HLD) and Low-Level Design (LLD) in the list of interview questions for an Azure DevOps Architect:
1. *How do you align Azure DevOps practices with an organization's business objectives and strategies?*
2. *Explain your approach to designing a scalable and highly available architecture for applications hosted in Azure.*
3. *How would you implement role-based access control (RBAC) and security best practices in Azure DevOps to ensure compliance and protect sensitive data?*
4. *Describe your experience in managing the cost of Azure resources while optimizing performance.*
5. *How do you handle the integration of Azure DevOps with other enterprise tools and systems, such as identity management or third-party CI/CD solutions?*
6. *Can you discuss your process for disaster recovery planning and business continuity within the Azure cloud environment?*
7. *What strategies do you employ to ensure effective collaboration and communication among cross-functional teams, stakeholders, and developers in an enterprise setting?*
8. *Share an example of a complex project where you successfully implemented Azure DevOps practices to streamline software development and deployment within an enterprise.*
9. *Explain your approach to handling a multi-cloud or hybrid cloud environment, combining Azure with other cloud providers or on-premises resources.*
10. *How do you ensure the scalability and performance of microservices applications in Azure, and how does this relate to a broader enterprise architecture strategy?*
11. *Discuss the use of Azure DevOps in governance and compliance to meet industry-specific regulations and standards within an enterprise.*
12. *What is the strategy for continuous monitoring, alerting, and reporting in Azure DevOps to maintain system health and security in an enterprise-scale environment?*
13. *How would you design a DevOps architecture for a distributed database system?*
14. *What are the key considerations in establishing Kubernetes cluster topologies for high availability and performance in a DevOps context?*
15. *Could you explain your understanding of Kubernetes Disaster Recovery (DR) principles, including Recovery Time Objective (RTO), Recovery Point Objective (RPO), and Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD)?*
16. *Share your approach to fault tolerance and designing redundancies in Azure DevOps architectures.*
17. *Describe your strategies and design principles for building resilient DevOps architectures that can handle failures and disruptions gracefully.*
18. *What are your best practices for designing a DevOps architecture that meets enterprise-level requirements in terms of scalability, security, compliance, and performance?*
19. *How do you approach the High-Level Design (HLD) phase when architecting solutions in Azure DevOps?*
20. *Explain the importance of the Low-Level Design (LLD) phase in translating high-level architecture into specific technical implementations.*
These questions encompass various aspects of Azure DevOps architecture, including HLD and LLD considerations, database systems, Kubernetes, disaster recovery, fault tolerance, and best practices
How to do the VNET peering?
How to establish connectivity between on-premisses and azure clould resources?
What is VPN gateway, when it used and why we use it?
What are NSG and ASG?
What are UDRs?
What is the difference in NSG and UDR?
What is an application gateway?
have you worked on listeners in application gateway, how it works?
Have you worked on SSL termination, how it works?
Have you worked Azure PAAS services like Azure Web apps? What is custom domain certificate in web apps?
Have you worked on azure policies, how they work?
Can you explain the difference in single and multistage YAML pipelines? and usecases for them?
What are the different types of triggers in pipeline?
How to use a particular Agent running on particular VM out of total 5 Agents in the pool while writing a YAML pipeline?
What is a dynamic block in terraform and when they used?
how to do you manage the state file?
Have you worked on Kubernetes?
How do you monitor the cloud infrastructure? azure monitor or any third party tools like prometheus and grafana?
On which security best practices you have worked on in azure?
have you used bicep or ARM for IAC?
How to use the Intra ID AD connect for on-premisses connectivity to azure cloud?
How to do disk partition and manage users in linux OS?
[14:37, 14/10/2024] Muneer: ICREON interview Questions:
1. I have a website and want to hosted on azure what options i have for hosing website.
2. what is azure web apps depolyment slots feature?
3.How to configure autoscale in vm.
4.How to configure vertical autoscalling for vm
5. when we configure autoscalling we configure minimum and mixumium no. of node what is the default no. of nodes.
6. What is CDN ?
7.I have a website hosted in london azure region and my users are in london, india, u.s and Austerelia.
What is preffered location where I should create CDN service in azure.
8.suppose ther are 3 vnet A,B and C there is paring between A&B, B&C. Can the resource A communictae with C?
9.Difference between Azure load balance and Application gateway.
10.you have vnet 192.168.2.0/24 under this vnet I want to create 3 subnet so what will be address space for thos 3 subnets.
11.I have docker container and some additional sw install on container and save some file,
so if I stop my container whatever changes make remain on container or not?
12. What are the types of services in k8s
13. IF I create a service load balancer as a controller.What type of loadbalancer will created in azure external or internal?
external load balancer is azure loadbalancer or application gateway?
14.suppose I have website and monitor performance of the website so what parameter you monitor?
15. What is configmap in kubernetes
Tuesday, 5 November 2024
kubernetes interview questions
British retail giant Tesco employed this strategy with impressive
results.
convincing lead within the market.
Secrets can be injected into pods via environment variables or mounted as files.
Secrets should not be injected in ConfigMaps
How do you find which pod is taking more system resources across nodes
using kubectl?
● Answer: Use kubectl top pod --all-namespaces to list resource usage by pods.
Combine it with kubectl describe pod to get detailed resource usage.
4. How do you know which worker node is consuming more resources across
the clusters using kubectl?
● Answer: Use kubectl top nodes to see resource consumption across nodes. This will
show CPU and memory usage on each node.
If 5 pods are running, how do you scale the number of pods to 10 using the
command line in Kubernetes?
To scale the number of pods from 5 to 10, use the following command:
kubectl scale --replicas=10 deployment/
If you want to expose your application to the public internet or access your application within a
cluster, how would you do that in Kubernetes?
● To expose your application to the public internet, you can use a Kubernetes Service of type
LoadBalancer or NodePort. For internal access within the cluster, you can use a
ClusterIP service. Additionally, you might use an Ingress controller for more advanced
routing.
Why do we need a ConfigMap in Kubernetes?
● A ConfigMap is used to store non-confidential configuration data in key-value pairs. It allows
you to decouple configuration artifacts from image content, enabling you to modify
application settings without rebuilding your container images.
Strategies:
○ Auto Scaling: Scale up instances automatically to handle the increased load.
○ Caching: Use a caching layer to reduce the load on your application servers.
○ Load Balancing: Distribute traffic evenly across available instances.
○ Database Optimization: Ensure your database is properly configured and optimized for
performance.
○ Monitoring: Closely monitor system metrics to identify bottlenecks and adjust resources
accordingly.
Have you experienced any challenging issues or incidents in your project? How did you and
your team identify and resolve them?
● Yes, one challenge was a sudden traffic spike causing performance degradation. We
identified the issue using CloudWatch metrics and logs, pinpointing the bottleneck in the
database. The resolution involved scaling the database vertically and adding read replicas to
distribute the load, along with optimizing slow-running queries.
What is a secrets manager?
● Secrets Manager: A tool or service that securely stores and manages sensitive information
such as API keys, passwords, certificates, and tokens. Examples include AWS Secrets
Manager, HashiCorp Vault, and Azure Key Vault.
● Purpose: To securely store and access secrets without hardcoding them into application
code or configuration files.
What is the secure way to manage sensitive information?
● Use a Secrets Manager: Store secrets in a dedicated service like AWS Secrets Manager,
Azure Key Vault, or HashiCorp Vault.
● Environment Variables: Use environment variables to inject secrets at runtime rather than
storing them in code.
● Encrypted Storage: Store sensitive data in encrypted databases or files, ensuring that
encryption keys are managed securely.
● Access Control: Implement strict access controls and auditing to ensure that only authorized
personnel and applications can access sensitive information.
Handling Multiple Microservices: Use Kubernetes namespaces to isolate microservices, and
manage their deployment using Helm charts
. What is a load balancer and its benefits? What is Cloud NAT?
● Load Balancer: A load balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers
or services to ensure reliability, scalability, and high availability. Benefits include:
○ Increased Fault Tolerance: Distributes traffic to prevent overload on a single server.
○ Scalability: Easily manage increased traffic by adding more servers.
○ Improved Performance: Balances load based on performance metrics, reducing
latency.
● Cloud NAT: Network Address Translation (NAT) service in cloud environments like Google
Cloud. It allows instances in private subnets to connect to the internet without exposing
them to inbound internet traffic, maintaining security while enabling outbound connectivity.
What is blue-green deployment and why is it needed?
● Blue-Green Deployment: A deployment strategy where two identical environments (Blue and
Green) are maintained. The Blue environment is the active production environment, while the
Green is the idle one. During deployment, the new version is deployed to the Green
environment. After testing, traffic is switched to Green, making it the new production
environment.
● Why Needed:
○ Minimal Downtime: Reduces downtime as the switch between environments is
instantaneous.
○ Easy Rollback: If issues arise, switching back to the Blue environment is
straightforward.
○ Improved Reliability: Reduces the risk of deployment failures affecting users.
69. What other deployment strategies do you know?
● Canary Deployment: Gradually rolling out the new version to a small subset of users before a
full deployment.
● Rolling Deployment: Incrementally updating instances or servers with the new version,
ensuring at least some instances are always running the old version.
● A/B Testing: Similar to blue-green, but used for comparing different versions/features with
live user traffic to determine which performs better.
● Feature Toggles: Allows features to be turned on/off dynamically, enabling deployment of
incomplete features without impacting the user.
During data loss, what strategy do you use to ensure no data loss, especially in critical applications
like banking?
Data Loss Prevention Strategy
● Strategy: For critical applications like banking, a multi-layered approach is essential:
● Redundancy: Use multiple data centers or cloud regions for replication and failover.
● Backups: Implement frequent and automated backups to multiple locations.
● Version Control: Track changes to data and maintain historical versions.
● Monitoring: Monitor database health and performance to detect potential issues early.
● Disaster Recovery Plan: Develop a comprehensive disaster recovery plan to restore data
and services in case of an outage
Which services can be integrated with a CDN (Content Delivery Network)?
● CDN Integration
● Services: CDNs can integrate with various services, including:
● Web Servers: Apache, Nginx, IIS.
● Content Management Systems (CMS): WordPress, Drupal, Joomla.
● Cloud Storage: AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, Azure Blob Storage.
● Streaming Services: Netflix, YouTube, Twitch.
● API Gateways: AWS API Gateway, Google Cloud Endpoints.
How do you generate Kubernetes cluster credentials?
A: You can generate Kubernetes cluster credentials using:
● Service Accounts: Create service accounts in Kubernetes to provide access to specific
resources.
● kubeconfig: Generate a kubeconfig file that contains authentication and connection details for
the cluster.
Tuesday, 22 October 2024
Kubernetes Architecture
Kubernetes Architecture
Components
1. API Server (kube-apiserver): Handles requests and updates.
2. Scheduler (kube-scheduler): Assigns pods to nodes.
3. Controller Manager (kube-controller-manager): Runs controllers.
4. etcd: Distributed key-value store for cluster state.
5. Worker Nodes (kubelet): Run pods.
Architecture Diagram
Cluster → Nodes → Pods → Containers
Key Concepts
1. Cluster: Group of nodes.
2. Node: Physical or virtual machine.
3. Pod: Basic execution unit (one or more containers).
4. Container: Lightweight and portable.
5. Control Plane: Manages cluster.
Design Principles
1. Declarative Configuration: Define desired state.
2. Immutable Infrastructure: No in-place updates.
3. Self-healing: Automatic restart and recovery.
Benefits
1. Scalability
2. High Availability
3. Flexibility
4. Security
5. Efficiency
Evolution
1. Kubernetes 1.x: Initial releases.
2. Kubernetes 1.8+: Production-ready features.
3. Kubernetes 1.16+: Enhanced security.
Future Developments
Here are the key Kubernetes components:
Control Plane Components
1. API Server (kube-apiserver): Handles requests and updates.
2. Scheduler (kube-scheduler): Assigns pods to nodes.
3. Controller Manager (kube-controller-manager): Runs controllers.
4. etcd: Distributed key-value store for cluster state.
Worker Node Components
1. Kubelet: Runs pods and communicates with API Server.
2. Proxy (kube-proxy): Handles network traffic.
Networking Components
1. Pod Network: Enables pod-to-pod communication.
2. Service Network: Enables service-to-service communication.
Storage Components
1. Persistent Volumes (PVs): Provisioned storage.
2. Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs): Requests for storage.
Security Components
1. Authentication: Verifies user identity.
2. Authorization: Controls access to resources.
3. Network Policies: Controls network traffic.
Add-ons
1. Dashboard: Web-based UI.
2. Monitoring (Prometheus, Grafana): Tracks performance.
3. Logging (Fluentd, Elasticsearch): Collects logs.
Other Components
1. Ingress Controller: Manages incoming traffic.
2. Service Load Balancer: Distributes traffic.
3. Federation: Multi-cluster management.
Here are the advantages and use cases of Kubernetes:
Advantages:
1. Scalability: Automatic scaling of applications.
2. High Availability: Self-healing and automatic restart.
3. Flexibility: Supports multiple container runtimes.
4. Security: Network policies and secret management.
5. Efficiency: Resource optimization and utilization.
6. Portability: Runs on any infrastructure.
7. Automation: Streamlines deployment and management.
8. Monitoring: Integrated logging and monitoring.
9. Collaboration: Multi-user and multi-tenant support.
10. Extensibility: Large ecosystem of plugins and integrations.
Use Cases:
1. Web Applications
- Scalable web servers
- Load balancing and ingress
- Microservices architecture
2. Microservices Architecture
- Service discovery and communication
- API gateways and proxies
- Distributed transaction management
3. Big Data and Analytics
4. Machine Learning and AI
5. Cloud-Native Applications
- Serverless computing
- Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)
- Event-driven architecture
6. DevOps and Continuous Integration
- Automated testing and deployment
- Continuous delivery and monitoring
- Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC)
7. Hybrid and Multi-Cloud
- Multi-cloud deployment and management
- Cloud-agnostic infrastructure
- Disaster recovery and business continuity
8. IoT and Edge Computing
Here's an overview of Pods and Containers in Kubernetes:
Pods
- Basic execution unit in Kubernetes
- Logical host for one or more containers
- Shared resources (network, storage)
- Shared lifecycle (created, running, terminated)
Pod Characteristics
1. One or more containers
2. Shared network namespace (IP, ports)
3. Shared storage (volumes)
4. Shared lifecycle
5. Dynamic scaling and replication
Container
- Lightweight and portable application package
- Runs in a Pod
- Isolated from other containers
Container Characteristics
1. Lightweight (MBs, not GBs)
2. Portable (runs on any platform)
3. Isolated (own process, network, filesystem)
4. Immutable (no changes after creation)
Pod-Container Relationship
1. One or more containers per Pod
2. Containers share Pod resources
3. Pod lifecycle manages container lifecycle
Types of Pods
1. Single-container Pod
2. Multi-container Pod
3. Init Container
4. Sidecar Container
Types of Containers
1. Application Container
2. Init Container
3. Sidecar Container
4. Daemon Container
Container Runtimes
1. Docker
2. rkt
3. CRI-O
4. containerd
Pod Management
1. Create/Update/Delete Pods
2. Scaling (ReplicaSets, Deployments)
3. Self-healing (automatic restart)
4. Networking (Pod-to-Pod, Pod-to-Service)
Container Management
1. Create/Update/Delete Containers
2. Resource allocation (CPU, memory)
3. Networking (container-to-container)
4. Logging and monitoring
1. Serverless Computing
2. Service Mesh
3. Cloud-Native Storage
4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration
Introduction to Kubernetes
Here's an introduction to Kubernetes:
What is Kubernetes?
Kubernetes (also known as K8s) is an open-source container orchestration system for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
History of Kubernetes
- Initially developed by Google
- Open-sourced in 2014
- Now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)
Key Features of Kubernetes
1. Container Orchestration
2. Automated Deployment and Scaling
3. Self-healing and Restart
4. Resource Management
5. Service Discovery
6. Load Balancing
7. Security and Access Control
Kubernetes Architecture
1. Cluster: Group of nodes
2. Node: Physical or virtual machine
3. Pod: Basic execution unit (one or more containers)
4. Container: Lightweight and portable
5. Control Plane: Manages cluster (API Server, Scheduler, Controller Manager)
6. Worker Node: Runs pods
Kubernetes Components
1. API Server (kube-apiserver)
2. Scheduler (kube-scheduler)
3. Controller Manager (kube-controller-manager)
4. Worker Nodes (kubelet)
5. etcd (distributed key-value store)
Benefits of Kubernetes
1. Scalability
2. High Availability
3. Flexibility
4. Security
5. Efficiency
6. Cost-effective
Use Cases for Kubernetes
1. Web Applications
2. Microservices Architecture
3. Big Data and Analytics
4. Machine Learning and AI
5. Cloud-Native Applications
Kubernetes Tools and Integrations
1. kubectl (command-line tool)
2. Kubernetes Dashboard (web-based UI)
3. Prometheus and Grafana (monitoring)
4. Docker (container runtime)
5. Helm (package manager)
Kubernetes Certifications
1. Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA)
2. Certified Kubernetes Application Developer (CKAD)
Explain About PODS
Kubernetes Pods are the basic execution unit in Kubernetes, comprising one or more containers.
Pod Definition:
A Pod is a logical host for one or more containers, sharing resources and network namespace.
Pod Characteristics:
1. One or more containers (e.g., Docker)
2. Shared network namespace (IP, ports)
3. Shared storage (volumes)
4. Shared lifecycle (created, running, terminated)
5. Dynamic scaling and replication
6. Self-healing (automatic restart)
Pod Types:
1. Single-container Pod: One container per Pod.
2. Multi-container Pod: Multiple containers sharing resources.
3. Init Container: Special container for initialization tasks.
4. Sidecar Container: Companion container for logging, monitoring.
Pod Lifecycle:
1. Pending: Pod creation requested.
2. Running: Pod created, containers running.
3. Succeeded: Pod completed successfully.
4. Failed: Pod terminated with error.
5. Unknown: Pod status unknown.
Pod Management:
1. ReplicaSets: Ensure specified number of replicas.
2. Deployments: Manage rollouts and rollbacks.
3. Services: Provide network identity and load balancing.
4. Networking: Pod-to-Pod, Pod-to-Service communication.
Pod Configuration:
1. PodSpec: Defines Pod configuration (containers, volumes, etc.)
2. ContainerSpec: Defines container configuration (image, ports, etc.)
3. VolumeSpec: Defines shared storage configuration.
Pod Benefits:
1. Lightweight: Efficient resource utilization.
2. Portable: Runs on any Kubernetes environment.
3. Scalable: Dynamic scaling and replication.
4. Self-healing: Automatic restart and recovery.
Pod Challenges:
1. Complexity: Multi-container Pod management.
2. Networking: Pod-to-Pod, Pod-to-Service communication.
3. Storage: Persistent storage management.
4. Security: Pod-level security configuration.
Best Practices:
1. Use ReplicaSets and Deployments.
2. Define PodSpec and ContainerSpec.
3. Use Persistent Volumes for storage.
4. Implement Pod-level security.
Tools and Integrations:
1. kubectl: Command-line tool.
2. Kubernetes Dashboard: Web-based UI.
3. Prometheus and Grafana: Monitoring.
4. Docker: Container runtime.
Real-World Scenarios:
1. Web Applications: Scalable web servers.
2. Microservices: Containerized services.
3. Big Data: Distributed processing.
4. Machine Learning: Distributed training.
Understanding Kubernetes Pods is essential for deploying and managing containerized applications.
Would you like more information on:
1. Kubernetes container runtime options?
2. Pod networking and communication?
3. Persistent storage solutions?
kuberntes syllabus
Here is a comprehensive Kubernetes syllabus:
Module 1: Introduction to Kubernetes
1.1. Containerization and Orchestration
1.2. Kubernetes History and Architecture
1.3. Kubernetes Components (Pods, Nodes, Clusters)
1.4. Kubernetes Advantages and Use Cases
Module 2: Kubernetes Fundamentals
2.1. Pods and Containers
2.2. Replication Controllers and ReplicaSets
2.3. Services and Endpoints
2.4. Volumes and Persistent Storage
2.5. Networking and Communication
Module 3: Kubernetes Deployment and Management
3.1. Deploying Applications
3.2. Rolling Updates and Rollbacks
3.3. Scaling and Load Balancing
3.4. Resource Management (CPU, Memory)
3.5. Monitoring and Logging
Module 4: Kubernetes Security
4.1. Authentication and Authorization
4.2. Network Policies
4.3. Secret Management
4.4. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
4.5. Security Best Practices
Module 5: Kubernetes Networking
5.1. Pod-to-Pod Communication
5.2. Service Discovery
5.3. Ingress and Egress
5.4. Network Policies
5.5. Load Balancing and Scaling
Module 6: Kubernetes Storage
6.1. Persistent Volumes (PVs)
6.2. StatefulSets
6.3. Storage Classes
6.4. Volume Snapshots
6.5. Storage Best Practices
Module 7: Kubernetes Advanced Topics
7.1. Helm and Package Management
7.2. Kubernetes APIs
7.3. Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs)
7.4. Kubernetes Extensions (Istio, Prometheus)
7.5. Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Environments
Module 8: Kubernetes Tools and Integrations
8.1. kubectl and CLI Tools
8.2. Kubernetes Dashboard
8.3. Monitoring Tools (Prometheus, Grafana)
8.4. Logging Tools (Fluentd, Elasticsearch)
8.5. CI/CD Integrations (Jenkins, GitLab)
Module 9: Kubernetes Best Practices and Troubleshooting
9.1. Cluster Management
9.2. Node Management
9.3. Pod Management
9.4. Troubleshooting Common Issues
9.5. Performance Optimization
Module 10: Kubernetes Certification and Real-World Scenarios
10.1. CKAD (Certified Kubernetes Application Developer)
10.2. CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator)
10.3. Real-World Kubernetes Scenarios
10.4. Case Studies and Group Discussions
Training Format:
- Lectures
- Hands-on Labs
- Group Discussions
- Case Studies
- Quizzes and Assessments
Duration:
- 40-60 hours (dependent on training format and depth)
Target Audience:
- Developers
- System Administrators
- DevOps Engineers
- Cloud Engineers
- IT Professionals
Prerequisites:
- Basic knowledge of Linux and containers
- Familiarity with cloud computing concepts
This syllabus provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes, covering fundamental concepts, advanced topics, and real-world scenarios.
Would you like more information on:
1. Kubernetes training resources?
2. Certification programs (CKAD, CKA)?
3. Kubernetes books and documentation?
Monday, 21 October 2024
kubernetes commands & keywords
Cluster Management
Display endpoint information about the master and services in the cluster kubectl cluster-info
Display the Kubernetes version running on the client and server kubectl version
Get the configuration of the cluster kubectl config view
List the API resources that are available kubectl api-resources
Daemonsets Shortcode = ds
List everything kubectl get all --all-namespaces
List one or more daemonsets kubectl get daemonset
Edit and update the definition of one or more daemonset kubectl edit daemonset
Delete a daemonset kubectl delete daemonset
Create a new daemonset kubectl create daemonset
Manage the rollout of a daemonset kubectl rollout daemonset
Display the detailed state of daemonsets within a namespace kubectl describe ds -n Deployments Shortcode = deploy
List one or more deployments kubectl get deploymen
Display the detailed state of one or more deployments kubectl describe deployment
Edit and update the definition of one or more deployment on the server kubectl create deployment
Delete deployments kubectl delete deployment Events Shortcode = ev
List recent events for all resources in the system kubectl get event
List Warnings only kubectl get events --field-selector type=Warning
List events but exclude Pod events kubectl get events --field-selector involvedObject.kind!=Pod
Pull events for a single node with a specific name kubectl get events --field-selector involvedObject.kind=Node, involvedObject.name=
Filter out normal events from a list of events kubectl get events --field-selector type!=Normal
Logs
Print the logs for a pod kubectl logs
Print the logs for the last hour for a pod kubectl logs --since=1h Get the most recent 20 lines of logs ubectl logs --tail=20
Get logs from a service and optionally select which container kubectl logs -f [-c <$container>]
Print the logs for a pod and follow new logs kubectl logs -f
Print the logs for a container in a pod kubectl logs -c
View the logs for a previously failed pod kubectl logs --previous
Get logs for all pods named with pod_prefix kubetail
Include the most recent 5 minutes of logs kubetail -s 5m
Display Resource usage (CPU/Memory/Storage) for pods. kubectl top pod
Add or update the annotations of a pod. kubectl annotate pod
Add or update the label of a pod. kubectl label pods new-label=
Friday, 18 October 2024
Sunday, 18 August 2024
Friday, 16 August 2024
Daily task
Read 10 pages per day
exercise
travel more places solo
fear of failure: just drive out the fear of ur failure
Listen: not many people are good listeners
Stop being available every time.
Emotionally:
Never think about past and future.
Involve yourself in some work to not to think about anyone
Forgive people.
Health:
Avoid junk food
Drink more water
Start having balanced diet
Have some good breakfast
Start doing exercise
Get up early in morning
Sleep early in night to complete above mentioned point.
For success:
Read books
Set goals
Work hard
Try again after failure
Stay motivated
Talk with people who failed, worked hard and then got success.
Start writing something daily.
Work with some NGO on ground to know the reality of life
The greatest wealth is health, Start investing in your health.
Do it now --! Later becomes never!
I stopped judging people and making opinions about them
we are very good lawyers for our own mistakes, but very good judges for the mistkes of others
i stopped chaing people instead i start chasing my goal
maintain a consistent sleep schedule
mindfulness and meditation
health nutrition
Routine Club :- Work from 9 or 10 to 6 or 7. Take your Desk as temple, worship your work as God. It will reduce distractions. Giving 100% is possible only in books but try atleast 70% to give your best. Rest luck will play the casino for you.
Peace Club :- Leave the phone/Laptop away from yourself just before half an hour you go to sleep. Take a nap on your all day dids. Recollect all the positive vibes in that peace moment towards your goal and thanks to god for this amazing day. Wait for next club in the morning
I've started getting up early.
I've started sleeping early.
I've started doing Yoga every morning.
I've started reading the newspaper early morning.
I've started drinking 2 ltrs water everyday.
I've stopped eating fast food or outside food.
I've started realizing that everything happens for our own good.
I've stopped regretting about the past.
I've started believing in Karma.
I've started penning down my thoughts.
I've started reading books.
I've started learning new things.
I've stopped watching Porn.
I've started avoiding people with negative thoughts.
I've started taking long walks.
I've started spending less time on Facebook and more time on Quora.
I've stopped expecting anything from anyone.
I've started living my life 10x.
I've also started upvoting answers like these :P
If you want to shine like a sun, First burn like a sun.”
Love what you do
Beat the sun
as you think, so shall you become
Give up the habbit of delaying things which are important for your future goal’s achievement. otherwise you will regret it later for sure.
5 . SET MACRO AND MICRO GOALS.
Set some micro goals like going for a trip once in every 3 month. or accomplishing 5kms or 10kms running endurance within 2 months. or finishing 2 or 3 books in a month and so on . This habbit will keep you busy and most importantly you feel accomplished by achieving one goal after anoher.
Mind Your Business.
Mind Your Business.
Mind Your Business.
Mind Your Business.
and last but most important one
…5. Mind Your Business.
Make your business your Hobby.
Believe me, It will not only improve your life. It will transform your life.!
write down 3 good things that happened to you each day
Ignore all your negative thoughts,think positive.
Learn atleast two new words of English in a day .It will help you in future.
Count your blessings,there are so many people who can't even imagine the life you live.
Smile and love yourself..
Never stop improving yourself.
Less social media and more reading
eating healthy
Plan your day the night before
Meet new people
Journaling. I have zero friends. I don't share much with my loved ones too. I write down and express everything and once the journal is running out of pages, I discard them. I don't like to recall what were my thoughts a year ago. What is experienced, is experienced. What is gone, is gone.
Eating right. When you eat right, you think right. Mostly Meat eaters are aggressive and plant based eaters are calmer. You are what you eat truly.
drink lemon wate
listen to motivation talks every morning.
Focus on the outcome of everything i do
Pray the Prayer of Jabez
Blessings pour like rain
Create something everyday
Increase your READING CAPACITY.
Plan before Move.
Make a boundary to complete a particular goal.
Seek the purpose in everything you do.
Build your mental toughness.
Make yourself a good listener.
help others
Take a chance.
Learn something new.
Put a bottle of water on your desk
Fear of failure.
Just drive out the fear for your failure. Don't be embarrassed and worry about that. Instead of being embarrass, embrace it. That is the 1st steps to your success.
5. Hesitation.
Don't hesitate to do things. Whether it is right or wrong just do it. If it is wrong, take the responsibility for your mistakes and learn from them.
Reading books
It has made me to indulge only in data-based discussions.
It has helped me to develop a sound reasoning trait. A logical mind is the house of God.
It helped me to achieve a upper middle class lifestyle. Not a bad thing for someone who grew up in a tiny house and studied in government schools.
If you are seeking to get the best results in yourself. All you have to do is train your mind. Get out of your comfort zone every day.
Everyone you meet around is fighting a battle you know nothing about. The little thing that you can do is: Be an active Listener and Be Kind. Always
Change my posture. Putting shoulder back, standing up straight, and it makes a lot of difference.
I act as if I've achieved my goal. I believe in “ fake it till you make it”.
I say positive affirmations
The tiny change I have made is that I don’t think anymore: just execute the plan mechanically.
Set Achievable Goals
focus on immediate, actionable steps rather than the entire process, making it easier to start and stay motivated.
Create Schedules: Schedules help me prioritise tasks and allocate specific time slots, ensuring important activities are completed on time. It acts as a commitment to myself, helping me stay on track and accountable for my goals and tasks.
focusing on my breath and letting go of intrusive thoughts.
Live in reality not in social media.
Comfort zones: No matter how many goals you set or affirmations you do, if you aren’t going out of your comfort zone you aren’t growing.
5% rule: Whenever a situation seems unbearable or unchangeable, ask yourself how can I make it just 5% better? This will build so much momentum.
Rewire: Whenever your brain says; I can never do that, that’s not possible. Look for proof otherwise. If you ate healthy for a day chances are you can do it for another day.
Rest: It’s okay to be weak and not always be hustling. Learn to optimize your health. Do things that are good for you; exercise, better sleep etc.
Life’s purpose: Your life’s purpose is to find your life purpose. The only way to do that is by moving closer to the things that you like. Start tapping into your intuition.
Reading books every single day
No expectations from people
Ability to let go of everything and everyone
Prioritizing self before anything else
Moving your body first thing in the morning
Eating clean all the time
Being less in phone
Accepting that life is temporary and it is now what matters the most
Being your own best friend
Trying one more time after failing
There is no need to prove yourself to others, you know about yourself.
visit a religious place daily. It helps you to calm down believe me. (I’m not going nowadays but few months back i went for straight 3 months without missing a single day)
I stop expecting anything from anybody. Expectation always hurts.
Don’t get attached
Listen more. Speak less
Gut health
plan
prodoctivity
progress.
purpose
priorities
productivity
profit
confidence
set achieveable goals
work to improve your fear of failure
limit actiivites that drain you
spend more time outdoors
learn a new langugage
practice kindness towards others
try meditation
develop list of goals
Read more books
Nourish yourself with healthy foods
Add more movement to your life
Take care of yourself by getting organized.
Cook at home to care for yourself.
Do some mood lifting.
Remember your “why.”
distraction
Jump around! Move in a way that makes you feel happy, even if it’s just for a few minutes.
Make a list of all the hard or uncertain times you’ve already gotten through.
Write down all of your negative thoughts.
Using it can help you identify patterns, find greater distance or perspective from what you’re feeling, and more.
Reframe your regrets by writing them down as the lessons you’ve learned.
Make a new playlist to boost your mood and help you reflect
Remember that nothing lasts forever—not your best feelings, but not your worst feelings, either.
Give yourself permission to distract yourself from how you’re feeling.
When you’re being judgmental or hard on yourself, try a RAIN meditation: Recognize, allow, investigate, and nonidentify or nurture.
When you start to think about what you “should” be doing right now, reframe your thoughts in terms of what you actually want, would like, or can
Remind yourself that it’s okay to hit pause on your goals.
Pinpoint your triggers.
Rely on a self-care checklist to use in times of crisis
Dip your face in cold water.
Disconnect from the world when you need to.
Fact-check yourself.
When you’re having trouble being productive, make a “done list” instead of a to-do list.
Make “downtime lists” to add some structure to your free time.
Don’t worry about creating an elaborate morning routine. Instead, set yourself up for a good day by starting off with a few small habits you enjoy and find useful.
The same goes for bedtime—find a few nighttime habits that make you feel good and commit to doing them regularly.
Schedule a mental health day—and actually unplug from work when you do.
Write down a to-do list at the end of your workweek
Put rest and relaxation time into your calendar.
some self-improvement ideas:
Focus on your strengths.
Declutter.
Ask yourself powerful questions.
Seek feedback.
Work with an accountability partner
practice mental toughness
decrease paradox
Sunday, 4 August 2024
Azure load balancer
Azure load balancer
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/guide/technology-choices/load-balancing-overview
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/resource-mover/tutorial-move-region-virtual-machines
Limitation
Pricing
Benefits
Features
Impact
Add
Remove
Modify
Move
Audit
Errors
Logs
Config
https://www.testpreptraining.com/blog/top-100-microsoft-solution-architect-interview-questions/
VVIMP ---
https://github.com/shrasool/Azure-Solutions-Architect-Expert-Exam?tab=readme-ov-file#design-migrations
Patience is not always optional way see other side
Close the window which brings pain
No matter how beautiful the view is
You can be important to someone but not all the time
You get paid in direct proportion to the difficulty of the problem you solve
We fear the feature because we are wasting today
It took me 9 years to realize, and I will tell you in 2 minutes.
1. Don't tell them everything Even when you trust your close friends and family.
"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage."
-Seneca
10 most important things in life you need to know.
1. Never get comfortable in anyone’s life, they can switch up on you at anytime, no matter the history of bond.
Hardest pill I swallowed was realising I meant nothing to people that means a lot to me
Who you are is defined by what you are struggling for
People leave when someone find better
Some people won't admit their faults
Loneliness doesn't come from being alone it come from feeling that nobody cares
When you let go you create space for better things to enter your life
Beg nobody for their time
People make time for who and what they want
Day by day people show me why it's better to be alone
Im moving different because I want different old key cannot unlock new doors
Sadly the only way some people will learn to appreciate you is by loosing you
Your beliefs dnt make you the better person your behaviour
Set limits not everyone will deserve your access
Stay close to people who want more for you not more from you
First know your worth
Second control your emotions
Third never settle
Stick to what is infront of you
I thought I was loved for myself but I was only loved for my abilities
Told myself that I dnt need anyone but truth is nobody needs me
Before you rush and save people make sure your not interrupting their karma
If they are not doing anything to keep you
Then why are you fighting to stay
There will be hard days but it won't last
Day by day what yand whanou think
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/guide/technology-choices/load-balancing-overview
Azure load balancer architectural
Azure Operations team can utilize Azure PowerShell for various tasks and challenges in more detail. Here's an expanded explanation of the use cases:
1. Virtual Machine Management:
• Use Case: Azure Operations teams can use Azure PowerShell to create, configure, and manage virtual machines (VMs) efficiently. This includes provisioning new VMs, starting and stopping existing ones, and resizing VMs to meet changing workload requirements. PowerShell allows automation of these tasks, saving time and reducing human errors.
2. Resource Monitoring and Alerting:
• Use Case: With Azure PowerShell, Operations teams can set up custom monitoring and alerting rules for Azure resources. They can create and manage alerts that trigger notifications or actions when specific resource metrics or conditions exceed defined thresholds, helping to proactively address performance and availability issues.
3. Scaling Resources:
• Use Case: Using Azure PowerShell, teams can automate the scaling of Azure resources. This includes scaling VMs, Azure App Service instances, and other services based on performance metrics or schedules. For example, during high traffic periods, PowerShell scripts can automatically add more VMs to distribute the load.
4. Backup and Disaster Recovery:
• Use Case: Azure Operations teams can use Azure PowerShell to implement and manage backup and disaster recovery strategies. They can automate backup schedules for VMs, databases, and files, ensuring data resilience and simplified recovery in case of outages or data loss.
5. Azure Policy Enforcement:
• Use Case: PowerShell scripts can be used to enforce organization-specific policies across the Azure environment. Teams can automate policy enforcement for security, compliance, and naming conventions to maintain a consistent and secure infrastructure.
6. Network Security:
• Use Case: Azure PowerShell empowers Operations teams to configure and manage network security settings. This includes creating and managing Network Security Groups (NSGs), defining Virtual Network (VNet) peering relationships, and configuring Azure Firewall rules to secure network traffic.
7. Azure Active Directory Management:
• Use Case: Azure AD management is crucial for Operations teams. They can automate user provisioning, deprovisioning, password resets, and role assignments using PowerShell scripts, ensuring that access control is efficient and secure.
8. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):
• Use Case: Operations teams can define and manage custom RBAC roles with PowerShell, tailoring permissions to the specific needs of the organization. This allows fine-grained control over who can access and modify Azure resources, enhancing security and compliance.
9. Resource Tagging and Management:
• Use Case: PowerShell can automate resource tagging strategies to help Operations teams organize and track resources for billing, reporting, and compliance purposes. Consistent tagging simplifies cost allocation and resource management.
10. Container Orchestration:
• Use Case: For organizations using Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS), Operations teams can manage containerized applications efficiently. They can automate tasks such as deployment, scaling, and updates using Azure PowerShell scripts.
11. Azure Key Vault Secrets Management:
• Use Case: Azure Operations teams can use PowerShell to store, retrieve, and manage sensitive data securely in Azure Key Vault. This ensures the protection of secrets like API keys, certificates, and passwords.
12. Azure Policy Compliance Reporting:
• Use Case: Teams can use PowerShell to generate compliance reports, demonstrating adherence to Azure policies and industry regulations. This is crucial for audits and maintaining a secure and compliant Azure environment.
13. Data Backup and Archiving:
• Use Case: Operations teams can use Azure PowerShell to automate data backup and long-term archiving in Azure Blob Storage. This ensures data durability and availability for the long term.
14. Cost Management and Optimization:
• Use Case: Using PowerShell, teams can analyze usage data, identify underutilized resources, and implement cost-saving measures. They can also automate the shutdown of non-essential resources during non-business hours to reduce costs.
15. Azure DevOps Integration:
• Use Case: Operations teams can automate CI/CD processes with Azure DevOps and PowerShell. This streamlines application and infrastructure deployment, ensuring a continuous and efficient release pipeline.
Incorporating Azure PowerShell into daily operations enables Azure Operations teams to streamline tasks, reduce manual effort, enhance security, and optimize resource utilization, ultimately ensuring the smooth operation of Azure infrastructure.
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