devops interview questions

Terraform*

1. Terraform workspace

2. ⁠what are Mera arguments

3. ⁠what’s difference b/w for each and dynamic block

4. ⁠provisioners in terraform

5. ⁠state file in terraform

6. ⁠difference b/w for_each and Count

7. What are terraform module

8. ⁠command to use inline terraform code

CICD

9. CICD architecture

10. Difference b/w Yaml and classic pipeline

11. ⁠what trigger does in yaml pipeline

12. ⁠what are stages in pipeline

13. ⁠how to authenticate your pipeline

14. ⁠Difference b/w both agent polls when we both used azure managed and self managed

15. ⁠Different types of service connection

16. ⁠how we manage secrets in pipeline

17. ⁠where you store your code in pipeline

Kubernetes

18. Write yaml file both deployment and service

19. ⁠common kubectl commands

20. ⁠Types of services in ku…

[16:01, 09/10/2024] Muneer: Azure DevOps scenario-based questions and their answers related to deployment, release pipelines, parameters, rollback, and other critical aspects:

1. Scenario: Rollback in Azure DevOps Pipeline

Question: If your deployment fails, how do you handle a rollback to a previous stable release in Azure DevOps?

Answer:

In Azure DevOps, rolling back to a previous stable release can be handled by:

Re-deploying a previous build: Use the "Re-deploy" option from the Release Pipeline to deploy the previous version that worked fine.

Using Git for Rollback: Rollback changes in Git to a stable version, then trigger a new build and release based on that commit.

Automated Rollback: Implement logic within your pipeline that automatically rolls back if specific tests or checks fail post-deployment.

Manual Rollback: Keep an environment backup or previous version stored in Artifacts, which can be deployed manually or automatically in case of failure. ---

2. Scenario: Parameterization in YAML Pipelines

Question: How can you use parameters in YAML pipelines to deploy to different environments with different configurations?

Answer:

In Azure DevOps YAML pipelines, parameters are defined at the top of the YAML file and are then passed to different stages or jobs. Example:

parameters: -

name: environment

type: string

default: 'dev'

values: -

dev -

prod

stages: -

stage: Deploy

jobs: -

job: DeployJob

steps: -

script: echo "Deploying to $(environment)"

In this example, the pipeline deploys to different environments based on the parameter environment. You can pass these parameters when triggering the pipeline, making the process

flexible. ---

3. Scenario: Handling Multiple Environments in Release Pipeline

Question: How would you configure a release pipeline to deploy code to multiple environments such as Dev, QA, and Prod in Azure DevOps?

Answer:

In Azure DevOps, you can define multiple stages in the release pipeline, each representing a different environment:

Stages: Create separate stages for Dev, QA, and Prod environments.

Artifacts: Link the build artifacts to all stages, but deploy in sequence.

Approvals: Set up manual or automatic approvals for each environment (e.g., automatic for Dev, manual for QA/Prod).

Variables: Use variables to differentiate environment-specific configurations (e.g., connection strings, endpoints). E

xample of stages:

stages: -

stage: Dev

jobs: -

job: DeployDev

steps: -

script: echo "Deploying to Dev" -

stage: QA

jobs: -

job: DeployQA

steps: -

script: echo "Deploying to QA" -

stage: Prod

jobs: -

job: DeployProd

steps: -

script: echo "Deploying to Prod" --- 4

. Scenario: Automating Rollback Using Gates in Release Pipeline

Question: How would you set up a gate in Azure DevOps to automatically trigger a rollback if certain conditions are met during a release?

Answer:

Azure DevOps allows the use of gates to check certain conditions before promoting a release to the next stage. You can set up gates to monitor system health, run performance tests, or

verify deployment success:

Configure gates: Add gates that query monitoring tools (e.g., Azure Monitor, Application Insights) to check if any errors are encountered post-deployment.

Rollback logic: If errors are detected, gates can prevent further progression or trigger a rollback by executing a rollback script. ---

5. Scenario: Deployment to Multiple Regions

Question: How can you deploy the same application to multiple regions in a single pipeline in Azure DevOps?

Answer:

You can deploy to multiple regions using multi-stage pipelines and parameters to specify the region for deployment. A typical approach would be:

Define stages for each region: Add a stage for each region i…

Mindtree Interview question

1.how to recover the ssk key of vm

2.ansible work flow

3.tell me about kubernetes architecture

4.idempotancy

5.how to upgrade kubnernets cluster

6.what is different bet statefull and deamon set

7.if suppose we are geeting intermediantly error 502 while in application what are trubleshooting steps

8.lets suppose developer wirte a docker file how you deploy in pipeline and kubernete

9.how to ping 2 vm's

10.WHAT IS artifacts in pipeline

11.difference betweeen copy and add command

12.what is ci and cd

13.how we resolve git conflicts

14.diff. entrypoint and cmd

15.write a yaml pipelie

16.what is pod and jobs Interview Synechron Company:

1.Diff b/w CI and CD

2.What is flaky test?

3.What is the process of doing the changes of configuration through CI/CD pipeline?

4.Explain the major components of control panel in AKS.

5.Explain the concept of ingress in k8s.

6.explain the taint & tolerance in K8s.

7. How HPA(Horizontal POD Autoscaling) works?

8.What is deployment slot in Appservices?

9. What are Networking options available while creating the AKS cluster?

10. what is availability Set and availability Zone?

11. What is Horizontal Autoscalling and Vertical Autoscaling.

12.what is use of locals in teraform?

13. terraform grep command?

14. Diff between Azure frontdoor and traffic manager?

15.while creating the frontdoor what information we need?

16. what is virgin groups?

17 . what is use of rewrite in App.Gateway?

18.what is management group in Azure?

19. Diff b/w Replica set and Replica controller?

20. What is multi-POD container?

21.Diff b/w config map and secret?

22. What is Auto healing features?

23. what is the command to check for pods consuming high CPU utilization in k8s.

24.what is command to connect the AKS cluster with Powershell?

25. command to switch in to different branch in Git?

26 . we have modified the changes in feature branch and we have to update same in the main branch how we can do with git commands.

27.any monitoring tools worked upon ? what is diff b/w Prometheus and Grafana? [

Topics Related to the below:

Azure Load Balancer (LB)*, **Application Gateway, **Front Door, **Traffic Manager. Security components: **WAF (Web Application Firewall) Application Gateway, **Firewall, **UDR (User

Defined Routes), **Azure Firewall, **NSG (Network Security Groups)* and *ASG (Application Security Groups), **Disk Encryption, **Storage Account Data Encryption (CMK - Customer Managed Keys), **Storage Account Access via Service Endpoint* and *Private Endpoint*.

Package managers for Different technologies.

1. .NET

Package Manager: NuGet

Description: NuGet is the package manager for .NET. It is used to manage libraries and tools for .NET applications, and it integrates with Visual Studio and other development

environments. NuGet packages can include compiled code (DLLs), scripts, and other content needed for .NET projects.

2. Java

Package Managers: Maven and Gradle

Maven:

Description: Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java projects. It manages project dependencies, builds, and documentation. Maven uses XML configuration files (pom.xml).

Gradle:

Description: Gradle is a flexible build automation system that can handle Java projects and other types of projects. It uses Groovy or Kotlin DSL (build.gradle …

Infosys interview Azure Cloud Devops: ?

Design and implement CI/CD pipelines using standard automation tools such as Jenkins. ?

Design and implement automation framework to reduce any manual efforts. ?

Support crucial deployments and be the point of contact for any application related issues. ?

Support development infrastructure related needs. ?

Design and implement end to end CI/CD workflow for multiple apps based on traditional as well as Microservice architecture using Devops toolchain. ?

Use GIT (Bitbucket) to control and manage the source code of the project. ?

Use Jenkins to create CI/CD pipelines for various apps and automated self-provisioning pipelines for DEV and QA teams to reduce any manual efforts. ?

Strong knowledge in Jenkins scripting eg groovy pipeline ?

Integrate SonarQube for code quality inspection to detect bugs, vulnerabilities, and code smells with CI servers. ?

Use Azure K8s Service (VMs) as deployment platform. ?

Use Azure Cloud Platform to create and manage underlying infrastructure. ?

Use Ansible for configuration management. ?

Use Terraform/ARM Templates to manage Infrastructure as Code.

legislation & Publicis Groupe Policies e.g., Janus, GSO and IT policies, etc. ?

Strong knowledge on Devops tools like bitbucket, Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, SonarQube and Ansible. ?

Experience on Azure Cloud services ? IaaS / PaaS. ?

Well versed with any scripting language ? Shell / Groovy / Python. ?

Strong experience on Infrastructure Automation such as Terraform. ?

Strong knowledge in Jenkins scripting. ?

Ability to design, develop, implement complex requirement. ?

Own end to end deliveries for various teams. ?

Pro-active support to the business is a key attribute for this role with a customer service focus.

Cognizant interview Questions :

How to Handle sensitive information in terraform

What is role statefile in terraform

Have you worked on ansible

Terraform plan and Apply

What are use case cases in terraform

CI/CD pipeline from scratch each step

What are the Provisioners in Terraform

Explain the depends_on attribute in terraform

Null resource, How to recover state file

terraform graph

git tag

service connection

How to set up terraform using CI/CD pipeleine

Volkswagen Interview Questions: •

Tell me two incidents recently you have worked and how you fixed it. •

How you are deploying your application ,on pod cluster or on which env you are deploying? •

The deployment is without any downtime or How it is? •

For Blue green deployment How you applying that can you explain step by step? •

what are exit codes in docker container for graceful termination? •

What are the error codes you have faced when container stops or exits? •

How you are managing the secrets in K8s? •

How you are encrypting and decrypting the credentials in secret.yaml •

What is trufflehog and tfsec you used for ? •

And what is sonarqube used for? •

Do you know about CNI and which CNI you are using in AKS? •

How you are handling the storage in K8s ? •

Which kind of storage you are using like object level /query level and DB kind . How you are managing storage part? •

What is DB throughput and split? •

What are operators in K8s? •

Tracing in k8s? how you connect the traces? •

Anything you know about observalibity? •

Open Telemetry? •

Which version of Helm you have used? •

Write a helm chart. •

Which scripting language you have used ?can you write an script for creating a VM in powershell?or can you write any script that you have used recently?

Scenario-based questions related to Terraform:

1. *Complex Infrastructure Provisioning*:

- *Question*: You need to deploy a multi-tier application infrastructure with multiple VPCs, subnets, and different security groups for each tier. How would you manage this complexity in Terraform, and what strategies would you

use to ensure that the infrastructure is both scalable and maintainable?

2. *State Management*: - *

Question*: Suppose you have a Terraform state file that has become corrupted, and you have a remote state backend setup. How would you approach recovering or fixing the state file while ensuring minimal disruption to your

current infrastructure? 3.

*Dependency Management*: - *

Question*: How would you handle complex interdependencies between resources where certain resources need to be created before others, and those dependencies need to be dynamically determined based on the environment or input

variables? 4.

*Resource Drift*: -

*Question*: Imagine that your Terraform-managed infrastructure has drifted from the desired state defined in your Terraform configuration due to manual changes made outside Terraform. How would you identify, manage, and rectify this drift? 5. *

Module Design*: - *

Question*: You need to design a reusable Terraform module for deploying a highly available Kubernetes cluster across multiple regions. How would you structure your module to handle different regions, network configurations, and potentially varying instance types? 6.

*Terraform Enterprise/Cloud*: -

*Question*: In a large organization using Terraform Cloud or Enterprise, how would you implement and manage workspace access controls, policy enforcement, and governance to ensure compliance and security? 7.

*Performance Optimization*: -

*Question*: Your Terraform apply is taking a long time to complete due to a large number of resources and dependencies. How would you optimize the performance of your Terraform configurations to reduce the time required for

deployment and changes? 8.

*Version Control Integration*: -

*Question*: How would you integrate Terraform with a CI/CD pipeline, ensuring that the Terraform code is versioned correctly and that the pipeline handles Terraform plan and apply operations in a safe and reliable manner? 9.

*State Locking and Concurrency*: -

*Question*: Your team is encountering issues with concurrent Terraform operations leading to state file locking issues. How would you address this problem and ensure that Terraform operations are properly coordinated across your team? 10.

*Dynamic Configurations*: -

*Question*: You have a requirement to deploy resources where certain configurations need to be dynamically generated based on the environment (e.g., staging, production). How would you design your Terraform code to handle dynamic and environment-specific

configurations effectively? T

hese questions aim to test not only technical knowledge but also problem-solving and design skills in complex Terraform scenarios. [

Interview Questions with Answers:

1. What is a Terraform state file? *

Answer:*

A Terraform state file (terraform.tfstate) is a JSON file that keeps track of the resources managed by Terraform. It maps the resources defined in your configuration to real-world resources in your cloud provider, ensuring that Terraform knows the current state of

your infrastructure. --- #

## 2. Why is the Terraform state file important? *

Answer:*

The state file is crucial for tracking resource changes, enabling Terraform to perform operations like plan and apply accurately. It helps manage dependencies between resources and supports features like drift detection. ---

### 3. How does Terraform handle state in Azure? *

Answer:*

In Azure, Terraform can store state files …

[17:06, 09/10/2024] Muneer: Wipro Azure + Powershell, Interview Questioneire

1. Introduce yourself + Roles and responsibilities.

2. How can we connect On Prim VM and Virtual VM

3. Suppose we have created a VM , and i want to send some script files in those VM , how can i do this ?

4. Define Fault domain and Update domain.

5. Do you know about agents .

6. What is difference between self hosted and azure hosted agents.

7. When the plugins download in terraform ?

8. What is difference between terraform refresh and terraform plan.

9. What type of automation tools you have used other than terraform.

10. Which types of resources you have created.

11. What is bastion ?

12. Can we replace bastion with firwall ?

13. What is NGS and ASG ?

14. Which ticketing tools you are using in your project ?

15. Have you worked on Powershell …

[17:07, 09/10/2024] Muneer: HCL Round 1 Questioneire

1. Introduce yourself

2. what are the methods to create VM ?

3. How can you control traffic on VM ?

4. Do you know powershell scripting . . write a sample code for add or sub.

5. How many type of different storages are there in azure ?

. What is terraform taint ?

7. What is the perpose of statefile ?

8. What is the perpose of lockfile ?

9. What are variable groups in CI/CD pipelines ?

10. What are the agents in CI/CD Pipelines ?

11. What is the difference b/w Self hosted and Azure Hosted Pipelines ?

12. How can we deploy multiple subscription using same terraform code ?

13. How can we call data of an existing resource ?

14. How can we import a resource ?

15. Is it possible to increase the disk size after deploying VM if yes how can you do it without effecting its running .

[17:11, 09/10/2024] Muneer: TCS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Deployment vs replicaset

What is ETCD Database

Imagepullback error

Namespaces

Types of deployment

Docker images

Why we use nginx?

CMD vs Entry point in docker images

Arguments in dockerfile

### Designing and Improving CI/CD Pipelines for Multiple Projects

1. *Question:* How do you design a scalable CI/CD pipeline? *

Answer:* I use modular and reusable pipeline templates, incorporate environment-specific configurations, and ensure scalability by using dynamic resource allocation.

2. *Question:* How do you handle different environments (development, staging, production) in a CI/CD pipeline?

*Answer:* I create environment-specific pipelines or stages within a pipeline, using parameters and variables to customize deployments for each environment.

3. *Question:* How do you ensure CI/CD pipelines are reliable and consistent?

*Answer:* I implement automated tests at various stages, use version control for pipeline definitions, and apply rigorous code review processes.

. *Question:* What strategies do you use for rollback in case of a failed deployment?

*Answer:* I include automated rollback mechanisms in the pipeline, such as reverting to the previous stable version or using blue-green deployments.

5. *Question:* How do you manage dependencies in a CI/CD pipeline? *

Answer:* I use dependency management tools, lock files to ensure consistency, and include integration tests to verify that dependencies work correctly together.

6. *Question:* How do you monitor and optimize CI/CD pipeline performance?

*Answer:* I use pipeline metrics and logs to identify bottlenecks, optimize stages for speed, and regularly review pipeline configurations for improvements.

7. *Question:* How do you integrate third-party tools into your CI/CD pipeline?

*Answer:* I use plugins or APIs provided by third-party tools to integrate them into the pipeline, ensuring compatibility and seamless operation.

8. *Question:* How do you handle secrets and sensitive information in pipelines?

*Answer:* I use secure storage solutions like Azure Key Vault or AWS Secrets Manager to manage secrets and ensure they are accessed securely during pipeline runs.

9. *Question:* What are some common challenges you face with CI/CD pipelines, and how do you overcome them?

*Answer:* Common challenges include handling complex dependencies and environment-specific issues. I overcome them by using modular pipelines and thorough testing.

10. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with regulatory requirements in your CI/CD pipelines?

*Answer:* I integrate compliance checks and security scans into the pipeline, and ensure that all changes are documented and auditable.

### Automating Infrastructure Provisioning and Configuration Using Terraform

1. *Question:* How do you structure your Terraform configuration files?

*Answer:* I organize configurations into modules for reusability, use workspaces to manage environments, and keep main configurations concise and focused.

2. *Question:* How do you handle Terraform state files?

*Answer:* I store state files remotely (e.g., in Azure Storage or AWS S3) with versioning and state locking to prevent concurrent modifications.

3. *Question:* How do you manage sensitive data in Terraform?

*Answer:* I use Terraform's sensitive variable types and integrate with secrets management tools like Azure Key Vault to handle sensitive data securely.

4. *Question:* How do you handle Terraform module versioning?

*Answer:* I use version constraints in module references and maintain versioned module repositories to manage updates and ensure stability.

5. *Question:* How do you test Terraform configurations before applying changes?

*Answer:* I use terraform plan to review changes and conduct dry runs, and employ infrastructure testing tools like Terraform's validate and test commands.

6. *Question:* How do you integrate Terraform with CI/CD pipelines?

*Answer:* I include Terraform commands in pipeline stages to automate infrastructure provisioning and updates, and use pipeline variables for dynamic configurations.

7. *Question:* How do you handle drift detection in Terraform?

*Answer:* I use terraform plan regularly to detect changes in the infrastructure state and reconcile any differences between the desired and actual state.

8. *Question:* What is your approach to managing Terraform modules for multiple projects?

*Answer:* I create a shared module repository for common modules and use versioning to maintain compatibility across different projects.

. *Question:* How do you ensure Terraform code quality and best practices?

*Answer:* I follow Terraform best practices such as using consistent naming conventions, writing modular code, and conducting peer reviews.

10. *Question:* How do you manage Terraform provider versions?

*Answer:* I specify provider versions in configuration files and use version constraints to ensure compatibility and prevent unexpected changes.

### Strong Skills in Azure Networking

. *Question:* How do you set up a virtual network (VNet) in Azure?

*Answer:* I define the VNet address space and create subnets based on requirements, configure network security groups (NSGs) for traffic control, and set up

peering or VPNs for connectivity.

2. *Question:* How do you secure an Azure VNet?

*Answer:* I use NSGs to filter traffic, Azure Firewall for centralized security, and Azure Bastion for secure management access.

3. *Question:* How do you configure Azure Load Balancers?

*Answer:* I set up front-end IP configurations, back-end pools, health probes, and load balancing rules to distribute traffic and ensure high availability.

4. *Question:* How do you implement VPNs in Azure?

*Answer:* I configure Azure VPN Gateway with local network gateways or use site-to-site VPNs for secure connectivity between on-premises networks and Azure VNets.

5. *Question:* What is Azure Private Link, and how do you use it?

*Answer:* Azure Private Link allows secure access to Azure services over a private endpoint. I configure Private Link to ensure data remains within the Azure

network, enhancing security and compliance.

6. *Question:* How do you monitor network traffic and performance in Azure?

*Answer:* I use Azure Monitor and Network Watcher to track network metrics, analyze traffic patterns, and troubleshoot issues with diagnostic tools and logs.

7. *Question:* How do you configure Azure Application Gateway?

*Answer:* I set up Application Gateway with front-end IP configurations, back-end pools, routing rules, and WAF policies to manage and secure web traffic.

8. *Question:* How do you handle network security for multi-tier applications?

*Answer:* I use network segmentation with VNets and subnets, apply NSGs and Azure Firewall to control traffic, and deploy Azure Bastion for secure administrative

access.

9. *Question:* How do you implement network redundancy in Azure?

*Answer:* I use multiple VNets and subnets with load balancers, deploy applications across availability zones, and configure traffic manager profiles for global

failover.

10. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with network security policies in Azure?

*Answer:* I configure Azure Security Center policies, perform regular security assessments, and apply network security controls as per compliance requirements.

### Proficiency in Azure DevOps or GitHub

1. *Question:* How do you create a build pipeline in Azure DevOps?

*Answer:* I define build steps using YAML or the classic editor, configure triggers, and integrate with source control and artifact management for automated builds.

2. *Question:* How do you manage deployments using Azure DevOps release pipelines?

*Answer:* I set up release pipelines with stages for deployment to various environments, configure approval workflows, and use artifact sources to deploy builds.

3. *Question:* How do you implement continuous integration in Azure DevOps?

*Answer:* I set up CI pipelines to automatically build and test code on each commit, using triggers and automated testing to ensure code quality and integration.

4. *Question:* How do you handle version control in GitHub?

*Answer:* I use Git branches for feature development, pull requests for code reviews, and tags for versioning releases, ensuring code quality and collaboration.

5. *Question:* What are GitHub Actions, and how do you use them?

*Answer:* GitHub Actions are workflows that automate tasks like builds and deployments. I define workflows in YAML files to integrate with repositories and

streamline CI/CD processes.

6. *Question:* How do you set up branch policies in GitHub?

*Answer:* I configure branch protection rules to enforce code reviews, status checks, and require pull requests before merging to ensure code quality and security.

7. *Question:* How do you integrate Azure DevOps with other tools?

*Answer:* I use service connections, REST APIs, or marketplace extensions to integrate with third-party tools, enabling seamless workflows and enhanced functionality.

8. *Question:* How do you monitor and optimize Azure DevOps pipeline performance?

*Answer:* I review pipeline metrics and logs, identify bottlenecks, optimize pipeline configurations, and implement caching or parallel jobs to improve performance.

9. *Question:* How do you handle secrets and credentials in GitHub Actions?

*Answer:* I use GitHub Secrets to store sensitive information securely and reference them in workflow files without exposing them in logs or code.

10. *Question:* How do you track and manage work items in Azure DevOps?

*Answer:* I use Azure Boards to create and track work items, manage backlogs, and monitor progress through dashboards and reporting features.

### Enforcing Security Best Practices and Compliance Policies

1. *Question:* How do you enforce least privilege access in your systems?

*Answer:* I implement role-based access control (RBAC) and regularly review permissions to ensure users and services have only the access they need.

2. *Question:* How do you secure sensitive data in cloud environments?

*Answer:* I use encryption for data at rest and in transit, and integrate with secrets management tools to protect sensitive information.

3. *Question:* How do you implement multi-factor authentication (MFA)?

*Answer:* I enable MFA across all user accounts and critical systems, using authentication apps or hardware tokens to add an extra layer of security.

4. *Question:* How do you handle security patching and updates?

*Answer:* I implement automated patch management

processes, schedule regular updates, and monitor for vulnerabilities to ensure timely application of security patches.

5. *Question:* How do you perform security assessments and audits?

*Answer:* I conduct regular security assessments using tools and services, perform vulnerability scans, and review audit logs to identify and address security issues.

6. *Question:* What are some common security controls you apply to cloud resources?

*Answer:* I use firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, and access controls to protect cloud resources from unauthorized access and attacks.

7. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with industry regulations?

*Answer:* I follow compliance frameworks, integrate automated compliance checks into CI/CD pipelines, and keep up-to-date with regulatory changes.

8. *Question:* How do you handle incident response and management?

*Answer:* I implement an incident response plan, use monitoring tools to detect and respond to incidents, and conduct post-incident reviews to improve security

practices.

9. *Question:* How do you integrate security into the development lifecycle?

*Answer:* I include security scanning and code reviews in the CI/CD pipeline, train developers on secure coding practices, and use automated tools to identify

vulnerabilities early.

10. *Question:* How do you stay informed about new security threats and best practices?

*Answer:* I regularly read security blogs, participate in industry forums, attend webinars and conferences, and follow updates from security organizations and

vendors.

### Familiarity with Containerization Concepts and Tools

1. *Question:* How do you deploy containerized applications using Kubernetes?

*Answer:* I define deployment configurations in YAML files, create services and pods, and use Kubernetes commands to manage and scale containerized applications.

2. *Question:* What is Docker, and how do you use it?

*Answer:* Docker is a containerization platform that packages applications and their dependencies into containers. I use Docker to build, run, and manage

containerized applications.

3. *Question:* How do you handle container image management?

*Answer:* I use container registries like Azure Container Registry or Docker Hub to store and manage images, and implement image scanning for vulnerabilities.

4. *Question:* How do you orchestrate containerized applications?

*Answer:* I use orchestration tools like Kubernetes or Docker Swarm to manage container deployments, scaling, and networking, ensuring high availability and load

balancing.

5. *Question:* How do you monitor and troubleshoot containerized applications?

*Answer:* I use monitoring tools like Prometheus or Azure Monitor, and logs from container platforms to track performance and troubleshoot issues.

6. *Question:* What are some benefits of containerization?

*Answer:* Containerization provides consistent environments, rapid deployment, efficient resource utilization, and easy scaling and management of applications.

7. *Question:* How do you secure containerized applications?

*Answer:* I implement security best practices like image scanning, running containers with least privilege, and using network policies to protect containerized

applications.

8. *Question:* How do you integrate containerization into your CI/CD pipelines?

*Answer:* I include container build and push steps in CI/CD pipelines, automate deployments using container orchestration tools, and test containerized

applications thoroughly.

. *Question:* What is Docker Compose, and how do you use it?

*Answer:* Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. I use it to create and manage multi-container setups with a

single YAML configuration file.

10. *Question:* How do you handle container networking?

*Answer:* I configure container networks to facilitate communication between containers, use network policies for isolation, and leverage service discovery

features for managing connections.

### Skilled in Monitoring and Logging

1. *Question:* How do you set up monitoring for an Azure application?

*Answer:* I use Azure Monitor and Application Insights to collect metrics and logs, configure alerts, and create dashboards for tracking application performance.

2. *Question:* How do you handle logging in a cloud environment?

*Answer:* I use centralized logging solutions like Azure Log Analytics or ELK Stack to aggregate logs, analyze data, and set up alerts for anomalies or issues.

3. *Question:* How do you use Azure Monitor to troubleshoot issues?

*Answer:* I analyze metrics and logs, set up alerts for specific conditions, and use diagnostic tools to pinpoint and resolve issues in the application or

infrastructure.

4. *Question:* How do you create and manage dashboards in Azure Monitor?

*Answer:* I use Azure Monitor dashboards to visualize metrics and logs, customize views based on requirements, and share dashboards with stakeholders for insights.

5. *Question:* What are some key metrics to monitor for application performance?

*Answer:* Key metrics include response times, error rates, throughput, CPU and memory usage, and application availability.

6. *Question:* How do you integrate monitoring tools with your CI/CD pipelines?

*Answer:* I include monitoring setup steps in the pipeline, configure alerts for deployment success or failure, and use monitoring data to drive improvements.

7. *Question:* How do you use ELK Stack for log analysis?

*Answer:* I use Logstash to ingest and process logs, Elasticsearch to index and search log data, and Kibana to visualize and analyze log information.

8. *Question:* How do you ensure log data security and compliance?

*Answer:* I implement access controls, encrypt log data, and use secure storage solutions to protect and comply with data privacy regulations.

9. *Question:* How do you handle log aggregation and management in a distributed system?

*Answer:* I use centralized logging solutions to aggregate logs from multiple sources, apply filters and parsing, and use tools for efficient log management and

analysis. 10.

*Question:* How do you perform proactive monitoring to prevent issues?

*Answer:* I set up proactive alerts based on performance thresholds, use predictive analytics to identify potential issues, and continuously review and adjust

monitoring configurations.

Knowledge of Security Best Practices and Compliance Frameworks 1.

*Question:* What are the key elements of a robust security posture?

*Answer:* Key elements include access controls, encryption, network security, regular updates, incident response, and continuous monitoring. 2.

*Question:* How do you implement encryption in cloud environments?

*Answer:* I use encryption for data at rest and in transit, configure encryption settings in cloud services, and manage encryption keys securely. 3.

*Question:* How do you enforce security policies across multiple projects?

*Answer:* I implement centralized policy management tools, apply policies consistently, and use automated compliance checks to ensure adherence. 4.

*Question:* How do you stay updated with security best practices and threats?

5. *Question:* How do you conduct security assessments? *Answer:* I perform regular vulnerability scans, conduct penetration testing, review security configurations, and assess compliance with security frameworks.

6.

*Question:* How do you manage and monitor access controls?

*Answer:* I use role-based access control (RBAC), implement least privilege principles, and regularly review and audit access permissions.

7. *Question:* How do you ensure compliance with frameworks like GDPR or HIPAA?

*Answer:* I integrate compliance requirements into policies, use automated compliance tools, conduct regular audits, and ensure documentation and training.

8. *Question:* How do you handle data breaches and security incidents?

*Answer:* I follow an incident response plan, use monitoring tools to detect breaches, and conduct thorough investigations and post-incident reviews.

9. *Question:* How do you apply security best practices in development and operations?

*Answer:* I incorporate security into the development lifecycle, use automated security scans, conduct code reviews, and apply secure coding practices.

10. *Question:* How do you manage compliance documentation? *

Answer:* I maintain up-to-date documentation of policies, procedures, and compliance measures, and use version control to track changes and ensure accuracy.

High-Level Design (HLD) and Low-Level Design (LLD) in the list of interview questions for an Azure DevOps Architect:

1. *How do you align Azure DevOps practices with an organization's business objectives and strategies?*

2. *Explain your approach to designing a scalable and highly available architecture for applications hosted in Azure.*

3. *How would you implement role-based access control (RBAC) and security best practices in Azure DevOps to ensure compliance and protect sensitive data?*

4. *Describe your experience in managing the cost of Azure resources while optimizing performance.*

5. *How do you handle the integration of Azure DevOps with other enterprise tools and systems, such as identity management or third-party CI/CD solutions?*

6. *Can you discuss your process for disaster recovery planning and business continuity within the Azure cloud environment?*

7. *What strategies do you employ to ensure effective collaboration and communication among cross-functional teams, stakeholders, and developers in an enterprise setting?*

8. *Share an example of a complex project where you successfully implemented Azure DevOps practices to streamline software development and deployment within an enterprise.*

9. *Explain your approach to handling a multi-cloud or hybrid cloud environment, combining Azure with other cloud providers or on-premises resources.*

10. *How do you ensure the scalability and performance of microservices applications in Azure, and how does this relate to a broader enterprise architecture strategy?*

11. *Discuss the use of Azure DevOps in governance and compliance to meet industry-specific regulations and standards within an enterprise.*

12. *What is the strategy for continuous monitoring, alerting, and reporting in Azure DevOps to maintain system health and security in an enterprise-scale environment?*

13. *How would you design a DevOps architecture for a distributed database system?*

14. *What are the key considerations in establishing Kubernetes cluster topologies for high availability and performance in a DevOps context?*

15. *Could you explain your understanding of Kubernetes Disaster Recovery (DR) principles, including Recovery Time Objective (RTO), Recovery Point Objective (RPO), and

Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD)?*

16. *Share your approach to fault tolerance and designing redundancies in Azure DevOps architectures.*

17. *Describe your strategies and design principles for building resilient DevOps architectures that can handle failures and disruptions gracefully.*

18. *What are your best practices for designing a DevOps architecture that meets enterprise-level requirements in terms of scalability, security, compliance, and performance?*

19. *How do you approach the High-Level Design (HLD) phase when architecting solutions in Azure DevOps?*

20. *Explain the importance of the Low-Level Design (LLD) phase in translating high-level architecture into specific technical implementations.*

These questions encompass various aspects of Azure DevOps architecture, including HLD and LLD considerations, database systems, Kubernetes, disaster recovery, fault tolerance, and best practices

How to do the VNET peering?

How to establish connectivity between on-premisses and azure clould resources?

What is VPN gateway, when it used and why we use it?

What are NSG and ASG?

What are UDRs?

What is the difference in NSG and UDR?

What is an application gateway?

have you worked on listeners in application gateway, how it works?

Have you worked on SSL termination, how it works?

Have you worked Azure PAAS services like Azure Web apps? What is custom domain certificate in web apps?

Have you worked on azure policies, how they work?

Can you explain the difference in single and multistage YAML pipelines? and usecases for them?

What are the different types of triggers in pipeline?

How to use a particular Agent running on particular VM out of total 5 Agents in the pool while writing a YAML pipeline?

What is a dynamic block in terraform and when they used?

how to do you manage the state file?

Have you worked on Kubernetes?

How do you monitor the cloud infrastructure? azure monitor or any third party tools like prometheus and grafana?

On which security best practices you have worked on in azure?

have you used bicep or ARM for IAC?

How to use the Intra ID AD connect for on-premisses connectivity to azure cloud?

How to do disk partition and manage users in linux OS?

[14:37, 14/10/2024] Muneer: ICREON interview Questions:

1. I have a website and want to hosted on azure what options i have for hosing website.

2. what is azure web apps depolyment slots feature?

3.How to configure autoscale in vm.

4.How to configure vertical autoscalling for vm

5. when we configure autoscalling we configure minimum and mixumium no. of node what is the default no. of nodes.

6. What is CDN ?

7.I have a website hosted in london azure region and my users are in london, india, u.s and Austerelia.

What is preffered location where I should create CDN service in azure. 8

.suppose ther are 3 vnet A,B and C there is paring between A&B, B&C. Can the resource A communictae with C?

9.Difference between Azure load balance and Application gateway.

10.you have vnet 192.168.2.0/24 under this vnet I want to create 3 subnet so what will be address space for thos 3 subnets.

11.I have docker container and some additional sw install on container and save some file,

so if I stop my container whatever changes make remain on container or not?

12. What are the types of services in k8s

13. IF I create a service load balancer as a controller.What type of loadbalancer will created in azure external or internal?

external load balancer is azure loadbalancer or application gateway?

14.suppose I have website and monitor performance of the website so what parameter you monitor?

15. What is configmap in kubernetes